In computing, Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) is an SIMD instruction set extension to the x86 architecture, designed by Intel and introduced in 1999 in their Pentium III series processors as a reply to AMD's 3DNow! (which had debuted a year earlier). SSE contains 70 new instructions, most of which work on single precision floating point data. SIMD instructions can greatly increase performance when exactly the same operations are to be performed on multiple data objects. Typical applications are digital signal processing and graphics processing.
Intel's first IA-32 SIMD effort was the MMX instruction set. MMX had two main problems: it re-used existing floating point registers making the CPU unable to work on both floating point and SIMD data at the same time, and it only worked on integers. SSE floating point instructions operate on a new independent register set (the XMM registers), and it adds a few integer instructions that work on MMX registers.
SSE was subsequently expanded by Intel to SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, and SSE4. Because it supports floating point math, it had a wider application than MMX and became more popular. The addition of integer support in SSE2 made MMX largely redundant, though further performance increases can be attained in some situations by using MMX in parallel with SSE operations.
SSE was originally called Katmai New Instructions (KNI), Katmai being the code name for the first Pentium III core revision. During the Katmai project Intel sought to distinguish it from their earlier product line, particularly their flagship Pentium II. It was later renamed Intel Streaming SIMD Extensions (ISSE), then SSE. AMD eventually added support for SSE instructions, starting with its Athlon XP and Duron (Morgan core) processors.
Registers
SSE originally added eight new 128-bit registers known as XMM0 through XMM7. The AMD64 extensions from AMD (originally called x86-64) added a further eight registers XMM8 through XMM15, and this extension is duplicated in the Intel 64 architecture. There is also a new 32-bit control/status register, MXCSR. The registers XMM8 through XMM15 are accessible only in 64-bit operating mode.
SSE used only a single data type for XMM registers:
- four 32-bit single-precision floating point numbers
SSE2 would later expand the usage of the XMM registers to include:
- two 64-bit double-precision floating point numbers or
- two 64-bit integers or
- four 32-bit integers or
- eight 16-bit short integers or
- sixteen 8-bit bytes or characters.
Because these 128-bit registers are additional program states that the operating system must preserve across task switches, they are disabled by default until the operating system explicitly enables them. This means that the OS must know how to use the FXSAVE and FXRSTOR instructions, which is the extended pair of instructions which can save all x86 and SSE register states all at once. This support was quickly added to all major IA-32 operating systems.
The first CPU to support SSE, the Pentium III, shared execution resources between SSE and the FPU. While a compiled application can interleave FPU and SSE instructions side-by-side, the Pentium III will not issue an FPU and an SSE instruction in the same clock cycle. This limitation reduces the effectiveness of pipelining, but the separate XMM registers do allow SIMD and scalar floating point operations to be mixed without the performance hit from explicit MMX/floating point mode switching.
SSE instructions
SSE introduced both scalar and packed floating point instructions.
Floating point instructions
- Memory-to-register/register-to-memory/register-to-register data movement
- Scalar– MOVSS
- Packed – MOVAPS, MOVUPS, MOVLPS, MOVHPS, MOVLHPS, MOVHLPS
- Arithmetic
- Scalar – ADDSS, SUBSS, MULSS, DIVSS, RCPSS, SQRTSS, MAXSS, MINSS, RSQRTSS
- Packed – ADDPS, SUBPS, MULPS, DIVPS, RCPPS, SQRTPS, MAXPS, MINPS, RSQRTPS
- Compare
- Scalar – CMPSS, COMISS, UCOMISS
- Packed – CMPPS
- Data shuffle and unpacking
- Packed – SHUFPS, UNPCKHPS, UNPCKLPS
- Data-type conversion
- Scalar – CVTSI2SS, CVTSS2SI, CVTTSS2SI
- Packed – CVTPI2PS, CVTPS2PI, CVTTPS2PI
- Bitwise logical operations
- Packed – ANDPS, ORPS, XORPS, ANDNPS
Integer instructions
- Arithmetic
- PMULHUW, PSADBW, PAVGB, PAVGW, PMAXUB, PMINUB, PMAXSW, PMINSW
- Data movement
- Other
Other instructions
- MXCSR management
- Cache and Memory management
- MOVNTQ, MOVNTPS, MASKMOVQ, PREFETCH0, PREFETCH1, PREFETCH2, PREFETCHNTA, SFENCE
Example
The following simple example demonstrates the advantage of using SSE. Consider an operation like vector addition, which is used very often in computer graphics applications. To add two single precision, four-component vectors together using x86 requires four floating-point addition instructions
vec_res.x = v1.x + v2.x;
vec_res.y = v1.y + v2.y;
vec_res.z = v1.z + v2.z;
vec_res.w = v1.w + v2.w;
This would correspond to four x86 FADD instructions in the object code. On the other hand, as the following pseudo-code shows, a single 128-bit 'packed-add' instruction can replace the four scalar addition instructions.
movaps xmm0, [v1] ;xmm0 = v1.w | v1.z | v1.y | v1.x
addps xmm0, [v2] ;xmm0 = v1.w+v2.w | v1.z+v2.z | v1.y+v2.y | v1.x+v2.x movaps [vec_res], xmm0
Later versions
- SSE2, introduced with the Pentium 4, is a major enhancement to SSE. SSE2 adds new math instructions for double-precision (64-bit) floating point and also extends MMX integer instructions to operate on 128-bit XMM registers. Until SSE2, SSE integer instructions introduced with later SSE extensions could still operate on 64-bit MMX registers because the new XMM registers require operating system support. SSE2 enables the programmer to perform SIMD math on any data type (from 8-bit integer to 64-bit float) entirely with the XMM vector-register file, without the need to use the legacy MMX or FPU registers. Many programmers consider SSE2 to be "everything SSE should have been"[citation needed], as SSE2 offers an orthogonal set of instructions for dealing with common data types.
- SSE3, also called Prescott New Instructions (PNI), is an incremental upgrade to SSE2, adding a handful of DSP-oriented mathematics instructions and some process (thread) management instructions.
- SSSE3 is an incremental upgrade to SSE3, adding 16 new instructions which include permuting the bytes in a word, multiplying 16-bit fixed-point numbers with correct rounding, and within-word accumulate instructions. SSSE3 is often mistaken for SSE4 as this term was used during the development of the Core microarchitecture.
- SSE4 is another major enhancement, adding a dot product instruction, additional integer instructions, a popcnt instruction, and more.
- XOP, FMA4 and CVT16 are new iterations announced by AMD in August 2007[1][2] and revised in May 2009.[3]
- AVX (Advanced Vector Extensions) is an advanced version of SSE announced by Intel featuring a widened data path from 128 bits to 256 bits and 3-operand instructions (up from 2). Intel released processors in early 2011 with AVX support.[4] AVX requires support from the operating system. AVX cannot be made use of on older operating systems like Windows XP or Windows Vista, even if the CPU supports AVX.
Software and hardware issues
With all x86 instruction set extensions, it is up to the BIOS, operating system and application programmer to test and detect their existence and proper operation.
- Intel and AMD offer applications to detect what extensions your CPU supports.
- The CPUID opcode is a processor supplementary instruction (its name derived from CPU IDentification) for the x86 architecture. It was introduced by Intel in 1993 when it introduced the Pentium and SL-Enhanced 486 processors.
User application uptake of the x86 extensions has been slow with even bare minimum baseline MMX and SSE support (in some cases) not being supported by applications some 10 years after these extensions became commonly available. Distributed computing has accelerated the use of these extensions in the scientific community—and many scientific applications refuse to run unless the CPU supports SSE2 or SSE3.
The use of multiple revisions of an application to cope with the many different sets of extensions available is the simplest way around the x86 extension optimization problem. Software libraries and some applications have begun to support multiple extension types hinting that full use of available x86 instructions may finally become common some 5 to 15 years after the instructions were initially introduced.
Identifying
Processor ID applications
- Intel Processor Identification Utility[5]
- CPU-Z - CPU, motherboard, and memory identification utility.
References
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